Everything that happens after the throw. Ne-waza is the ground half of judo and Japanese jujutsu: pins (osaekomi-waza), strangles (shime-waza) and joint locks (kansetsu-waza), the counterpart of the standing techniques, tachi-waza.
In competition judo the referee stands the fighters up as soon as the ground work stalls, so ne-waza is short and urgent. Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu grew out of exactly this part of judo and removed the clock. That is why BJJ spends most of its life in what judo calls ne-waza, and why a judoka and a BJJ player can look at the same position and see two different sports.
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